Perkembangan Sains

Sifat Relatif (Nisbi) dari Konsep Sains

Sains berasal dari bahasa latin scientia yang artinya ilmu pengetahuan. Pengetahuan adalah semua yang diketahui oleh seseorang tentang suatu obyek.

Pengetahuan bukan sekedar tahu, tetapi mengetahui dengan benar. Namun criteria kebenaran tidaklah mutlak. Sehingga bila kita lihat dari perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan akan terlihat bahwa kebenaran itu telah berubah-ubah sesuai dengan zaman atau waktu.

Ketika Galileo Galilei menyatakan bahwa bumi adalah bulat dan menglilingi matahari, para penguasa pada saat itu mengenggap ajaran Galileo adalah pelajaran yang menyesatkan. Tetapi beberapa abad kemudian ternyata hal iotu diketahui benar. Sehingga dapat kita katakana bahwa kebenaran sains bersifat relative (tidak mutlak.

Juga tetang teori evolusi Darwin sampai sekarang belum ada bukti mutlak kebenarannya dan bukti mutlak salahnya.

Report Text : LESSER SLOW LORRIS

Lesser Slow Lorris (Nyticebus Pygmaseus) is a mammal which can clamps onto branches for long periods of time. To help it do this, the Loris has a network of blood vessels, called rate mirabilis in its forearms and shanks.

It is a small mammal which is 7-10 inches long (175-250 mm) and can weigh as much as 12 ounces or 340 grams. Being nocturnal the Loris has large round eyes. The Loris has no tail but has broad grasping feet. On its second toe it has a sharp claw. It also has an enlarged thumb and a reduced index finger.

The Lesser Slow Lorris is a plump animal with soft, thick fur ranging in color from light brownish-grey to deep reddish-brown with a dark stripe down the back and neck. It has a long snout with corn-like front teeth which are used in grooming.

It is found in Southern Asia, Vietnam, Borneo, and Sumatera. As it is tree-living, it is restricted to tropical rain forests. The diet of the Loris is made up of fruit and leaves, tender shoots, insects, birds, small mammals and reptiles. It is nocturnal and sleeps by day rolled up in a ball.

The Lorris a solitary animal.It is a very slow but deliberate climber. An interesting fact about the Lesser Slow Lorris is that it has a single-note whistle.

The beginning of the lesson

The beginning of the lesson

1. Good morning

• Good morning, everybody.
• Good afternoon, everybody.
• Hello, everyone.
• Hello there, James.

2. How are you?

• How are you today, students?.
• How are you getting on?
• How's life?
• How are things with you, Ani?
• Are you feeling better today, Bill?

3. Introductions

• My name is Mr/Mrs/Ms Kim. I'm your new English teacher.
• I'll be teaching you English this year.
• I've got five lessons with you each week.

4. Time to begin

• Let's begin our lesson now.
• Is everybody ready to start?
• I hope you are all ready for your English lesson.
• I think we can start now.
• Now we can get down to work.

5. Waiting to start

• I'm waiting for you to be quiet.
• We won't start until everyone is quiet.
• Stop talking and be quiet.
• Settle down now so we can start.

6. Put your things away

• Close your books.
• Put your books away.
• Pack your things away.

7. Register

• Who is absent today?.
• Who isn't here today?
• What's the matter with you today?
• What's wrong with Jim today?
• Why were you absent last Friday, Anto?

8. Late

• Where have you been?
• We started ten minutes ago. What have you been doing?.
• Did you miss your bus?
• Did you oversleep?
• Don't let it happen again.

MGMP HomeBase 3 di SMP 1 Sanden

Kali ini kegiatan MGMP Bahasa Inggris Home Base 3 Srandakan-Pandak-Sanden yang gilir menyelenggarakannya adalah SMP 1 Sanden. Sebagai guru model adalah Pak Heru Subagya SPd. Guru model dengan gaya mengajarnya yang khas "nganyelke ning ngangeni" membuat suasana mengajar yang "Funtastic". Dan hampir seluruh siswa dapat memahami apa yang diajarkan.
Guru model menggunakan alat pembelajaran berupa "sticking board" yang mempermudah siswa untuk memahami langkah-langkah retorika teks Recount.
Topik pembelajaran kali ini adalah : Recount Text : Bunaken Island.
Open Class dihadiri oleh guru-guru bahasa Inggris SMP di Sanden, Pandak dan Srandakan. Pada sesi refleksi para observer menilai pembelajaran sangat sukses, hanya saja pembagian waktunya kurang diperhatikan.

(Laporan : Pak Sukir )

Katalis Baru Tiru Fotosintesis, Pasok Rumah Dengan Energi Listrik Dan Hidrogen Dari Sebotol Air

Sun Catalytix, sebuah perusahaan yang didirikan oleh Dan Nocera, yang juga seorang ahli kimia dari Massachusset Institute of Technology (MIT), berhasil membuat prototip yang berfungsi untuk mengubah sebotol air menjadi energi listrik yang cukup bagi rata-rata satu rumah di Amerika Serikat atau sekitar 30 kWh per hari.

Prinsipnya memang tidak jauh dari elektrolisa. Hanya saja Nocera menggunakan katalis buatannya yang terbuat dari kobalt fosfat, dan memanfaatkan listrik dari panel-panel surya seluas 30 meter persegi. ''Hampir semua energi matahari disimpan dalam penguraian air,'' jelas Nocera pada acara inaugurasi ARPA-E (Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy) awal Maret lalu. ARPA-E sendiri merupakan lembaga yang berdiri di bawah Departemen Energi Amerika Serikat yang bertugas untuk mendanai proyek-proyek riset berteknologi tinggi yang juga beresiko dan membutuhkan biaya tinggi.

Nocera memang membuat prototip yang meniru prinsip kerja fotosintesis untuk digunakan sebagai media penyimpan energi surya skala besar. Menurut Nocera, sistem yang dikembangkannya bisa bekerja pada suhu dan tekanan ruang, tanpa kemungkinan terjadi korosi dalam segelas air. Bahkan tidak diperlukan air murni untuk menghasilkan listrik. Prototip yang dibuat Nocera hanya menggunakan air dari sungai Charles River di Boston sejak mulai pertama hingga saat ini dioperasikan.

Nocera juga menambahkan, jika dibandingkan dengan peng-elektrolisa komersial yang saat ini seharga 12.000 dolar AS per kiloWatt, prototip yang dikembangkannya jauh lebih murah. Menurutnya dengan harga setinggi itu, maka perangkat komersial yang ada tidak akan memberikan kontribusi dalam ketahanan energi AS atau bahkan untuk masyarakat miskin di negara-negara miskin dan berkembang. ''Sudah saatnya kita berhenti membuat sistem energi yang besar untuk keperluan banyak orang dan mulai membuat sistem yang lebih kecil untuk kemudian diproduksi massal,'' imbuhnya.

Jika prototip yang dikembangkan Sun Catalytix bisa berunjuk kerja seperti yang direncanakan dan telah mencapai kematangan teknologinya, maka setiap rumah akan memiliki pembangkit listrik dan stasiun pengisian bahan bakar sendiri. ''Akhirnya Anda tidak memerlukan energi lagi dari orang lain karena Anda sudah menggunakan matahari di rumah Anda sendiri,'' tegas Nocera.

(From: http://planethijau.com )

Open Class MGMP Bahasa Inggris Home Base 3 Bantul

Pada hari Selasa 11 Mei 2010, bertempat di SMP 1 Pandak kabupaten Bantul telah dilaksanakan Open Class dalam rangkaian kegiatan Lesson Study MGMP Bahasa Inggris Home Base 3 (Pandak, Sanden dan Srandakan).
Guru model Tri Winasti, SPd. , guru bahasa Ingggris SMP 1 Pandak, telah membuka kelas VIII dengan diamati oleh sekitar 15 guru bahasa Inggris anggota MGMP Home Base 3 sebagai observer.
Pada sesi refleksi yang dipimpin oleh Ketua MGMP Home Base 3, Suratna, SPd., para observer menilai pembelajaran sudah cukup sukses, meskipun perlu beberapa perbaikan.
Interaksi antar anggota kelompok siswa cukup lancar. Interaksi siswa dengan guru sangat baik. Meskipun ada satu dua kelompok yang perlu dorongan untuk mengaktifkan diskusi kelompok.

(Sumber : Sukir Santoso )

Text : Hortatory

Watch your Kids While Watching TV

Television becomes one of the most important devices which takes place in almost houses. It can unite all members of the family as well as separate them. However, is it important to know what your kids are watching? The answer is, of course, absolutely "Yes" and that should be done by all parents. Television can expose things you have tried to protect the children from, especially violence, pornography, consumerism and so on.
Recently, a study demonstrated that spending too much time on watching TV during the day or at bedtime often cause bed-time disruption, stress, and short sleep duration.
Another research found that there is a significant relationship between the amount of time spent for watching television during adolescence and early adulthood, and the possibility of being aggressive.
Meanwhile, many studies have identified a relationship between kids who watch TV a lot and being inactive and overweight.
Considering some facts mentioning above, protect your children with the following tips:

• Limit television viewing to one-two hours each day
• Do not allow your children to have a TV set in their own bedrooms
• Review the rating of TV shows which your children watch
• Watch television with your children and discuss what is happening in the show

Notes on the Generic Structure of this Hortatory Exposition example
Firstly, we have to always remember that the social function of hortatory exposition text is driving the readers to act like the writer thought as stated in the text. Then the purpose of this hortatory is influencing and persuading the readers by presenting the supporting arguments. In many social activities, hortatory is applied for writing recommended thought, sales letter, advertising, speech campaign, and news advertorial.
Thesis: The writer's thought is presented as thesis which is proven with several arguments. In the first paragraph, the writer points his thought about the importance of accompanying children while they are watching TV show. It is important to protect the children from the bad influences of TV show.
Arguments: The next paragraphs show the writer arguments in supporting his thesis. It is supported by various researches that there are a great relationship between watching TV and the watcher's personality. One study describes that much time in watching TV can cause bed-time disruption. The others show the possibility of becoming an aggressive character because of watching television too much.
Recommendation: After stating the thesis and proving with various arguments, the text is completed with the writer's recommendation on how the parents should protect the children from the bed effect of watching TV.
Basically, both hortatory and analytical exposition have the similar position. Both take place as argumentative essays. Both show how important idea of the writer to be known. However the last paragraph of the essay usually make the difference from hortatory and analytical exposition. If it is a hortatory text, it will be ended with a strong recommendation while for analytical exposition, it will be closed with restatement of the writer's first paragraph.

(From: understandingtext.blogspot.com )